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"Buzz Aldrin | Astronaut, Apollo XI, 11, Gemini 12." Buzz Aldrin | Astronaut, Apollo XI, 11, Gemini 12. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2014. <http://buzzaldrin.com/>.

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"Scholastic, the largest children's book publisher, promotes literacy with books for kids of all ages and reading levels.." Scholastic Publishes Literacy Resources and Children's Books for Kids of All Ages. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2014. <http://teacher.scholastic.com/>.

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Facts about Apollo 11

1. The Apollo's Saturn rockets were packed with enough fuel to throw 100-pound shrapnel three miles, and NASA couldn't rule out the possibility that they might explode on takeoff. NASA seated its VIP spectators three and a half miles from the launchpad.

2. The Apollo computers had less processing power than a cellphone.

3. Drinking water was a fuel-cell by-product, but Apollo 11's hydrogen-gas filters didn't work, making every drink bubbly. Urinating and defecating in zero gravity, meanwhile, had not been figured out; the latter was so troublesome that at least one astronaut spent his entire mission on an anti-diarrhea drug to avoid it.

4. When Apollo 11's lunar lander, the Eagle, separated from the orbiter, the cabin wasn't fully depressurized, resulting in a burst of gas equivalent to popping a champagne cork. It threw the module's landing four miles off-target.

5. Pilot Neil Armstrong nearly ran out of fuel landing the Eagle, and many at mission control worried he might crash. Apollo engineer Milton Silveira, however, was relieved: His tests had shown that there was a small chance the exhaust could shoot back into the rocket as it landed and ignite the remaining propellant.

6. The "one small step for man" wasn't actually that small. Armstrong set the ship down so gently that its shock absorbers didn't compress. He had to hop 3.5 feet from the Eagle's ladder to the surface.

7. When Buzz Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface, he had to make sure not to lock the Eagle's door because there was no outer handle.

8. The toughest moonwalk task? Planting the flag. NASA's studies suggested that the lunar soil was soft, but Armstrong and Aldrin found the surface to be a thin wisp of dust over hard rock. They managed to drive the flagpole a few inches into the ground and film it for broadcast, and then took care not to accidentally knock it over.

9. The flag was made by Sears, but NASA refused to acknowledge this because they didn't want "another Tang."

10. The inner bladder of the space suits—the airtight liner that keeps the astronaut's body under Earth-like pressure—and the ship's computer's ROM chips were handmade by teams of "little old ladies."

Information received from:

http://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-06/40-years-later-ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-apollo-ii-moon-landing

Buzz Aldrin (2nd Man to Walk on Moon)

Selected by NASA in 1963 into the third group of astronauts, Aldrin was the first with a doctorate and became known as “Dr. Rendezvous.” The docking and rendezvous techniques he devised for spacecraft in Earth and lunar orbit became critical to the success of the Gemini and Apollo programs, and are still used today. He also pioneered underwater training techniques, as a substitute for zero gravity flights, to simulate spacewalking. In 1966 on the Gemini 12 orbital mission, Buzz performed the world’s first successful spacewalk, overcoming prior difficulties experienced by Americans and Russians during extra-vehicular activity (EVA), and setting a new EVA record of 5 ½ hours. On July 20, 1969, Buzz and Neil Armstrong made their historic Apollo 11 moonwalk, becoming the first two humans to set foot on another world. They spent 21 hours on the lunar surface and returned with 46 pounds of moon rocks. An estimated 600 million people – at that time, the world’s largest television audience in history – witnessed this unprecedented heroic endeavor.

Upon returning from the moon, Buzz was decorated with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest American peacetime award. A 45-day international goodwill tour followed, where he received numerous distinguished awards and medals from 23 other countries. Named after Buzz are Asteroid “6470 Aldrin” and the “Aldrin Crater” on the moon. Buzz and his Apollo 11 crew have four “stars” on each corner of Hollywood and Vine streets on the renowned Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Information received from:

http://buzzaldrin.com/the-man/biography/

Design Layout of the Apollo 11

Columbia

During the journey to and from the Moon, Columbia—its interior
 space about as roomy as a large automobile—served as main
 quarters for the astronauts, a place for working and living.

The blunt-end design for the Command Module was chosen to
 build upon experience gained with the similarly shaped Mercury
 and Gemini spacecraft. The spacecraft reentered the atmosphere
 with its protective heat shield (the widest end of the spacecraft)
 facing forward. Layers of special "ablative" material on the
 shield were purposely allowed to burn away during reentry
 to help dissipate the extremely high temperatures caused by
 atmospheric friction.

Command Module Specifications

• Height: 3.2 m (10 ft 7 in)
• Maximum Diameter: 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in)
• Weight: 5,900 kg (13,000 lb)
• Manufacturer: North American Rockwell for NASA
• Launch Vehicle: Saturn V

Eagle

The Lunar Module (LM) was used for descent to the lunar surface and served as a base while the astronauts were on the Moon. A separate ascent stage, comprising the top portion of the Lunar Module, lifted the astronauts from the Moon's surface to rendezvous and dock with the command module, orbiting the Moon.

Because lunar modules were designed to fly only in the vacuum of space, they did not have to be streamlined like an aircraft or carry a heat shield for protection during reentry. Once a lunar module was launched into space, it could not return to Earth.

Maintaining Materials

The LM cutaway appears just as it would have during a moon-landing mission. Several materials cover the spacecraft to protect its inner structure from temperature and micrometeoroids. Specially designed materials maintain temperature balance inside the craft.

The black materials on parts of the LM are heat-resistant nickel-steel alloy, 0.0021072 millimeters (0.0000833 inches) thick. The black sheets absorb heat when exposed to the Sun and radiate to the blackness of deep space.

Not metal foil, these plastic films are thinly coated with aluminum, which reflects the sun's heat and insulates the spacecraft. The thin, gold-colored films are used in "blankets" of up to 25 layers. All of the plastic films protect the spacecraft from micrometeoroids.

A Two-Stage System

The lunar module had two stages:
1. A silver-and-black ascent stage, containing the crew's pressurized compartment and the clusters of rockets that controlled the spacecraft
2. A gold-and-black descent stage, similar to the ascent stage, containing a main, centrally located rocket engine and tanks of fuel and oxidizer

The descent (lower) stage was equipped with a rocket motor to slow the rate of descent to the lunar surface. It contained exploration equipment and remained on the Moon when the astronauts left. The ascent (upper) stage contained the crew compartment and a rocket motor to return the astronauts to the orbiting command module. After the crew entered the command module for the trip back to Earth, the lunar module was released and eventually crashed into the Moon.

To rejoin the command module, the astronauts fired the ascent-stage rocket engine and lifted off, leaving the descent stage on the Moon. The ascent stage met and docked with the command module in lunar orbit. The ascent stage then was programmed to crash into the Moon.

.

Lunar Module Cockpit

This is a full-size mock-up of a Lunar Module cockpit, identical in appearance to the cockpits of the lunar modules used to land on the Moon. Sixteen rockets that can be fired automatically or manually control the attitude of the Lunar Module. An interior view of the Museum's Lunar Module-2 highlights similar features of a cockpit.

Lunar Module Specifications

• Weight (empty): 3920 kg (8650 lb)
• Weight (with Crew & Propellant): 14,700 kg (32,500 lb)
• Height: 7.0 m (22 ft 11 in)
• Width: 9.4 m (31 ft 00 in)
• Descent Engine Thrust: 44,316 Newtrons (9870 lb) maximum, 4710 Newtons (1050 lb) minimum
• Ascent Engine Thrust: 15,700 Newtons (3500 lb)
• Fuel: 50-50 mix of Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine (UDMH) & Hydrazine
• Oxydizer: Nitrogen Tetroxide
• Prime Contractor: Grumman Aerospace Corporation

Information received from: 

http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/apollo-to-the-moon/online/apollo-11/about-the-spacecraft.cfm

Food on Apollo 11

Requirements
These meals had to be lightweight, compact, and edible in zero gravity. Until very recently, all drinks had to be sucked out of straws. Even the smallest drop of tomato juice had to be caught, in case it interfered with the craft in some way.

Another less obvious problem with space food was what to do with it once served its purpose and left the astronauts' bodies. The pleasant euphemism NASA created for this is "low residue." The other unpleasant fact is that in-flight nausea and other "undesirable physiological responses" during earlier Apollo missions had been attributed to food. There's nothing worse in a cramped, stuffy space cabin than a fellow astronaut with "enhanced gastric awareness."

 NASA scientists employed the "wet pack" food technology developed on Apollo 8. A wet pack allowed thermo-stabilized food to retain its moisture content, thereby saving astronauts valuable food prep time. It also allowed them to see and smell what they were eating, rendering Beef and Potatoes a bit more appetizing.

The spoon-bowl packet

Apollo 11 Beef with vegetables in the spoon-bowl package, before and after rehyrdration. View larger. Photo vianasm.si.edu

A major improvement in food technology from the Apollo 11 mission was the spoon-bowl packet, allowing for food to be rehydrated and warmed in a pouch, which was then opened with a plastic zipper and eaten with a spoon. The moisture in the food made it cling to the spoon, even in a reduced-gravity environment. Sausage Patties, Pork With Scalloped Potatoes, and Chicken Stew were some of the delicacies packed in spoon-bowls and enjoyed by our guys in space during the Apollo 11 mission.

Information received from:

http://www.eatmedaily.com/2009/07/food-of-the-apollo-11-lunar-landing/

First Space Flights

On Wednesday, July 16, 1969, Apollo 11 stands on the launchpad, ready for liftoff.

A few weeks earlier, an American spy satellite had spotted a huge rocket awaiting launch in the Soviet Union. But a few days later, the satellite picked up a black pit of smoking ruins. The rocket had blown up. If Apollo 11 avoids a similar fate, America will win the race to the moon.

The astronauts were preparing for this huge opportunity. Armstrong was mastering how to fly the Lunar Module (LM, pronounced lem) by having trainer teach him. The LM is the part of the spacecraft that will separate from the "mother ship" — the Command Module piloted by Collins — and take Armstrong and Aldrin to the moon.

Mike Collins has perfected 18 different rendezvous for the Command Module. If the LM makes it off the surface, but not all the way to orbit, the Command Module will swoop down and grab it.

Aldrin has moonwalking down to a fine art. He and Armstrong will have less than three hours on the surface — not a minute to waste. All three men spend weeks practicing in simulators.

Before going into quarantine for 21 days, the astronauts spend a last weekend with their families. They all know they might not come home again.

Neil Alden Armstrong

Armstrong attended Purdue University and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in 1955. The Korean War interrupted his education when he went to fly 78 combat missions F9F-2 jet fighters. After the war he continued his education at the University of Southern California, where he earned a Master of Science Degree in aerospace engineering.

He joined the NACA (National Advisory Committee for Areonautics, later became NASA) in 1955. He transfered to the NACA’s High Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base (now NASA’s Dryden Flight Research Center) later that year. He served as a aeronautical research scientist and pilot.

As a research pilot Armstrong flew the F-100A and F-100C, the F-101, and the F-104A. Other planes he flew included the X-1B, X-5, F-105, F-106, B-47, KC-135, and Paresev. He had a total of over 2450 flying hours by the time he left Dryden.

After being selected in the second group of NASA astronauts in 1962, his first space flight was aboard Gemini 8 with Dave Scott. Gemini 8 conducted the first ever docking in space, but shortly afterwards the spacecraft began spinning out of control. Undocking from the Agena target only made the spinning worse and the spinning was nearing the point where the astronauts might pass out. Armstrong decided to shut down the reaction control thrusters and regain control using a second set of thrusters only intended for re-entry. This required that the mission be cut short and they splashed down in the contingency recovery zone in the western Pacific Ocean. It was Armstrongs actions that prevented his and Dave Scott’s deaths… and ultimately resulted in Armstrong being named Commander of Apollo 11.

During the Apollo 11 mission Armstrong became the first human to ever set foot on the Moon. His first words were “That’s one small step for man… one giant leap for mankind.” He was joined shortly afterwards by Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and together they spent over two hours on the lunar surface.

After the Moon landing, and the world tour that followed, Armstrong became the Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics at NASA Headquarters. He left NASA in 1971 to become Professor of Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, a post he held until 1979.

Information recieved from: 

http://www.thespacerace.com/encyclopedia/people/astronauts/armstrong/

http://i1.tribune.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/426411-neilarmstrongNASAGOV_-1345970518-743-160x120.jpg

21- Day Quarantine

When the astronauts landed they were required to stay inside the facility in medical isolation for 21 days. These precautions were taken because they were uncertain with contagion.

They had a biological garment that they had to wear to prevent the spread of any alien organisms that they might have met during their time on the moon. They wore the suits by the time of splashdown and until they made it to the Mobile Quarantine facility that was aboard the recovery aircraft carrier.



At the Mobile Quarantine facility the Apollo 11 crew was in their for a total of 21 days. Their wives came to visit them while they were in this facility; the men in the picture from left to right are Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. Their wives from left to right are Pat Collins, Jan Armstrong, and Jean Aldrin.



Information received from:

http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/apollo-to-the-moon/online/apollo-11/journey-home.cfm

Take Off and Landing

TAKE OFF

At 9:32 a.m. on July 16, 1969, the Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. On the ground there were over 3,000 journalists, 7,000 dignitaries, and approximately a half million tourists watching this momentous occasion. The event went smoothly and as scheduled. After one-and-a-half orbits around earth, the Saturn V thrusters flared once again and the crew had to manage the delicate process of attaching the lunar module (nicknamed Eagle) onto the nose of the joined command and service module (nicknamed Columbia). Once attached, Apollo 11 left the Saturn V rockets behind as they began their three-day journey to the moon.

LANDING

On July 19, at 1:28 p.m. EDT, Apollo 11 entered the moon's orbit. After spending a full day in lunar orbit, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin boarded the lunar module and detached it from the command module for their descent to the moon's surface. As the Eagle departed, Michael Collins, who remained in the Columbia while Armstrong and Aldrin were on the moon, checked for any visual problems with the lunar module. He saw none. As the Eagle headed toward the moon's surface, several different warning alarms were activated. Armstrong and Aldrin realized that the computer system was guiding them to a landing area that was strewn with boulders the size of small cars. With some last minute maneuvers, Armstrong guided the lunar module to a safe landing area. At 4:17 p.m. EDT on July 20, 1969, the landing module landed on the moon's surface in the Sea of Tranquility with only seconds of fuel left. Armstrong reported to the command center in Houston, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Houston responded, "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again."

Information received from:

www.space.com

http://history1900s.about.com/od/1960s/p/firstmanmoon.htm

May 5

After Landing

The historic moments were captured on television cameras installed on the Eagle and turned on by Armstrong.

Armstrong spent his first few minutes on the Moon taking photographs and soil samples in case the mission had to be aborted suddenly.

He was joined by colleague Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin at 0315 GMT and the two collected data and performed various exercises - including jumping across the landscape - before planting the Stars and Stripes flag at 0341 GMT.

They also unveiled a plaque bearing President Nixon's signature and an inscription reading: "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969 AD. We came in peace for all mankind."

After filming their experience with a portable television camera the astronauts received a message from the US President.

President Nixon, in the White House, spoke of the pride of the American people and said: "This certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made."

Many other nations - including the UK - sent messages of congratulation.

Information received from:

news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2635000/2635845.stm

Overview

 For thousands of years, man had looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. In 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the very first to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin. Their accomplishment placed the United States ahead of the Soviets in the Space Race and gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration.

American Neil Armstrong has become the first man to walk on the Moon.

The astronaut stepped onto the Moon's surface, in the Sea of Tranquility, at 0256 GMT, nearly 20 minutes after first opening the hatch on the Eagle landing craft.

Armstrong had earlier reported the lunar module's safe landing at 2017 GMT with the words: "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed."

As he put his left foot down first Armstrong declared: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Information received from:

www.history.com/topics/space-race

history1900s.about.com/od/1960s/firstmanmoon.htm

                                    news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2635000/2635845.stm

May 1-2, 2014